How did Otto von Bismarck work with the National Liberals after German unification?

Following German unification, Otto von Bismarck’s relationship with the National Liberal Party evolved through distinct phases of cooperation and eventual conflict.

The Era of Cooperation (1871–1879)

After the formation of the German Empire, the National Liberals became the most enthusiastic supporters of Bismarck’s policies, effectively acting as a government party in the Reichstag. During this period, Bismarck frequently consulted with party leader Rudolf von Bennigsen on legislative proposals. This alliance facilitated a wave of liberal reforms, including:12
* The establishment of uniform legal procedures, coinage, and administration.2
* The removal of restrictions on freedom of enterprise and movement.2
* The creation of an imperial bank and the securing of freedom of the press.2
* The introduction of municipal autonomy.2

The Breach (1877–1879)

The partnership collapsed due to fundamental disagreements over political and economic control. Bismarck grew wary of National Liberal demands for a parliamentary ministry and their desire to grant the Reichstag control over imperial revenues. Furthermore, Bismarck sought to implement protectionist tariffs to support German agriculture and industry, a policy the National Liberals opposed.13

By 1879, Bismarck shifted his political strategy, seeking reconciliation with the Centre Party and conservative factions to escape National Liberal influence. This breach caused the National Liberal Party to split in 1880, marking the end of their role as a primary pillar of Bismarck’s government.31