How did Michel Foucault distinguish discipline from biopolitics?

Michel Foucault distinguished between discipline and biopolitics based on their primary objects of focus and their operational goals within modern society.1

• Discipline operates primarily on the level of the individual. It is a mode of domination that seeks to render each instance of deviance visible, aiming to reform or control the individual body through constant scrutiny and surveillance. Foucault famously identified the Panopticon as the epitome of this institutional approach, which functions to make individuals compliant and productive.1

• Biopolitics shifts the focus from the individual to human populations. Championed by reformers with a medicalized sensibility, biopolitics treats the population as its basic object, scrutinizing everything from sexual behavior to social organization to maintain health and manage pathology. Rather than seeking to eradicate deviance, biopolitics aims to keep it in check, forming the foundational principles of the modern welfare state.1

While both are entangled with power-knowledge and serve to classify individuals into categories like "normal" or "deviant," they differ in whether they target the singular subject or the collective body of the population.1