How did Martin Buber respond to Nazi ideas about race and nationalism?

Martin Buber responded to Nazi ideology with courageous spiritual resistance, directly opposing the regime's nationalism of "blood and soil".1

As the head of Jewish adult education in Nazi Germany, Buber rejected the racist (Völkisch) implications of Nazi policies. He maintained that while Jewish people must preserve their authentic identity, the fundamental aim of education could not be based on race. He famously expanded his long-standing slogan, "to be human in a Jewish way," to include the imperative "to be Jewish in a humane way".1

By fostering Jewish education during a period of systematic exclusion, Buber stood firmly against the dehumanizing forces of his time, upholding the ethical necessity of maintaining human dignity and dialogue even under extreme oppression.1