How did Louis XI raise royal revenues without approval from the Estates?

Louis XI increased royal revenues by raising taxes on his own authority, effectively bypassing the need for approval from the Estates-General or provincial assemblies.1

While French monarchs traditionally required consent to tax their subjects, this practice shifted during the mid-15th century. Louis XI’s predecessor, Charles VII, had established a precedent by striking a bargain with the Estates: in exchange for a reduction in overall taxation, he secured the right to raise funds to support the army without further approval. Building upon this, Louis XI further centralized his power, reducing the role of the assemblies of the estates and meetings of notables to a merely consultative function. Under his reign, the taille—a direct tax levied on the underprivileged classes—reached approximately 4.5 million livres.231