How did Karl vom Stein respond to Napoleon’s retreat from Russia?

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Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein, portrait by Friedrich Olivier, 1820.

Following the collapse of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia during the winter of 1812, Karl vom Stein acted decisively to capitalize on the French military failure. Serving as a political adviser to Tsar Alexander I, Stein urged the Russian forces to pursue the retreating French army beyond the Russian frontiers.1

Early in 1813, he leveraged his position to organize the recruitment of troops in East Prussia and played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Kalisz. This agreement between Russia and Prussia served as the formal signal for Prussia to rise against Napoleon, marking a critical turning point in the War of Liberation.1