How did John Duns Scotus describe God’s freedom in creating the universe?

John Duns Scotus emphasized the contingency of the universe, arguing that it is entirely dependent on God’s infinite creative will. In opposition to the Greco-Islamic view that the universe is governed by necessary causes, he championed the concept of "freedom" as a fundamental theological principle.12

For Duns Scotus, God’s creative act was an expression of His groundless, absolute freedom. Because creation, grace, and redemption were the products of this divine will, he maintained that there were no "necessary reasons"—and perhaps no reasons at all—for the specific nature of the universe as it exists. By elevating the will above the intellect, he rejected the idea that God’s actions were constrained by rational necessity, asserting instead that the world exists solely because God freely chose to bring it into being.21