How did Johann Sebastian Bach use Antonio Vivaldi’s concerti as models?

Johann Sebastian Bach admired the concerti of Antonio Vivaldi and utilized them as models for his own compositions, particularly by transcribing at least 10 of them for keyboard instruments.1

Bach was intrigued by Vivaldi’s ability to balance varying musical themes and his use of the ritornello form, which alternates refrains with solo episodes. For example, after obtaining a copy of Vivaldi’s L’estro armonico (Opus 3), Bach arranged the Concerto for Four Violins and Cello in B Minor for four harpsichord soloists, resulting in his work BWV 1065.21

While Vivaldi’s concerti were noted for their rhythmic drive and bold themes, Bach often brought his own distinct approach to these models. He was exceptional for the individuality of his themes, and his own works, such as the Brandenburg Concertos, are characterized by a sophisticated fusion of contrapuntal lines and instrumental colors that built upon the Italian concerto style.34