How did Ivan Pavlov create a miniature stomach for digestive experiments?

To study gastrointestinal secretions, Ivan Pavlov developed a surgical procedure to create a "miniature stomach," or pouch, in experimental animals.12

He achieved this by isolating a portion of the stomach from the path of ingested food while carefully preserving its vagal nerve supply. This innovative technique allowed Pavlov to observe and collect digestive secretions in a normal, living animal over its entire life span, providing critical insights into the physiology of digestion. This research was a central component of his work that led to the publication of Lectures on the Work of the Digestive Glands in 1897 and contributed to his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1904.12