How did Henry IV try to limit Spanish influence in Europe?

Henry IV of France employed a multifaceted foreign policy designed to diminish Spanish influence in Europe without engaging in direct, aggressive warfare against Spain. His strategy involved a combination of territorial expansion, strategic alliances, and diplomatic mediation:1

• Territorial Consolidation: Through the Treaty of Lyons (1601), Henry forced Savoy to cede territories on France’s eastern border, including Bresse and Bugey, strengthening his position against regional powers aligned with Spanish interests.1
• Strategic Alliances: He built a network of alliances with the Swiss, Lorraine, and German Protestant princes to counter Habsburg dominance.1
• Diplomatic Mediation: Henry successfully mediated between Spain and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, facilitating the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1609.1
• Military Preparedness: He reorganized the French army, improved artillery services, and fortified frontier strongholds to ensure France could project power when necessary.1

Prior to these efforts, Henry had ended direct Spanish intervention in French domestic affairs by defeating Spanish-backed forces during the Wars of Religion, culminating in the Treaty of Vervins in 1598, which forced Spain to recognize his legitimacy as king.23