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How did Giuseppe Mazzini work with Giuseppe Garibaldi during the revolutions of 1848?

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Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini — Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini, detail of an oil painting by Luigi Zuccoli, 1865; in the Museo del Risorgimento, Milan.

During the revolutionary period of 1848, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi were united by their shared conviction that the various Italian states could be unified into a single nation.1

Their paths converged in Milan in 1848, where Mazzini had arrived to provide the war of liberation against the Austrians with a more radical and republican focus, while Garibaldi arrived to offer his military aid to the city.1

Their collaboration became most significant in 1849 within the Roman Republic. After Pope Pius IX fled the Papal States, a republic was proclaimed in Rome. Mazzini was elected as one of the triumvirs and served as the effective head of the government, focusing on administrative and social reforms. Simultaneously, Garibaldi led volunteers to the city, where he was elected a deputy in the Roman Assembly and proposed that Rome become an independent republic. Garibaldi subsequently served as the chief military inspiration for the republic's defense against French forces, while Mazzini provided the political leadership for the short-lived state.12