How did Giuseppe Garibaldi escape from Rome after its fall in 1849?

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Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi wearing a beret and cloak, with a full beard and mustache, looking toward the camera. — Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi, c. 1860–82.

Following the fall of the Roman Republic in July 1849, Giuseppe Garibaldi refused to accept defeat. He led several thousand volunteers out of Rome and conducted a retreat through central Italy, maneuvering to avoid the pursuing French and Austrian armies.12

During this arduous journey, Garibaldi eventually reached the neutral republic of San Marino. Although he was later forced to disband his men after being surrounded, he successfully crossed the Apennines toward the Tuscan coast. This retreat, characterized by his determination not to surrender, solidified his reputation as a national hero and a symbol of patriotism.123