How did Giotto use perspective in the Arena Chapel frescoes?

In the Arena Chapel frescoes, Giotto utilized perspective as an essential tool to support his narrative goals rather than as an end in itself.1

While Giotto did not employ the sophisticated, mathematically precise perspective developed by later Renaissance artists, he made significant advances in the manipulation of space to create a convincing environment for his figures. He moved away from the rigid, stilted stylization common in medieval art, instead placing his figures within settings—such as buildings or landscapes—that appear to enclose them in a realistic manner.23

By using these spatial techniques, Giotto was able to focus on the dramatic and emotional core of his stories, ensuring that his figures appeared to communicate with one another through gesture and expression. This approach allowed him to create a sense of depth and verisimilitude that transformed his subjects into human figures with discernable motivations, marking a pivotal shift toward the realism that would define the Renaissance.1234