How did Gallicanism differ from Ultramontanism?

The primary difference between Gallicanism and Ultramontanism lies in their opposing views regarding the extent of papal authority within the Roman Catholic Church.12

Gallicanism

Gallicanism was a complex of French ecclesiastical and political doctrines that sought to restrict the power of the pope in favor of the French king and the national church. Its core tenets included:2
* The independence of the French monarch in temporal (secular) matters.2
* The belief that an ecumenical council holds superiority over the pope.2
* The necessity of the pope accepting the immemorial customs of the French Church, such as the king's right to appoint bishops.2
* The assertion that papal infallibility in doctrinal matters requires the consent of the total church.2

Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet was a key figure in this movement, notably drafting the Four Gallican Articles in 1682.23

Ultramontanism

In contrast, Ultramontanism emphasized strong centralization of the church and absolute papal authority. The term, meaning "beyond the mountains," referred to those who looked toward Rome for guidance. Ultramontanists opposed the restrictions proposed by Gallicans, and their position was formally solidified in 1870 at the first Vatican Council with the definition of papal infallibility.12