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How did Frederick I become a symbol of German unity in the 19th century?

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Medieval manuscript miniature showing Frederick I as a crowned crusader holding an orb and scepter, with Henry of Schaftlarn kneeling and presenting a book to him. — Frederick I Frederick I as a Crusader with (right) Henry of Schäftlarn dedicating to him a copy of the *History of the First Crusade* by Robert of St. Remy; miniature from a manuscript in the Vatican Library.

In the 19th century, Frederick I (Barbarossa) became a powerful symbol of German unity through the romantic glorification of his life and reign. His reputation was bolstered by his perceived steadfast opposition to the popes and to Henry the Lion, which cast him as a defender of imperial prestige.1

This symbolism was deeply rooted in a long-standing legend, dating back to the 14th century, which claimed that Frederick was not dead but sleeping within the Kyffhäuser mountains. According to this myth, he would one day awaken to lead a united German people to victory against their enemies. To honor this cultural significance, a massive monument featuring an equestrian statue was erected at the Kyffhäuser site between 1890 and 1896, cementing his status as an enduring icon of national aspiration.12