How did Edward I conquer Scotland in 1296?

Edward I’s conquest of Scotland in 1296 was triggered by the Scottish king John de Balliol repudiating Edward’s feudal suzerainty and forming an alliance with France in 1295.12

In response, Edward I marched north in 1296 to assert his authority through military force. His campaign included the following key actions:34

• Sacking of Berwick: On March 30, 1296, Edward’s army captured and sacked Berwick, a significant initial blow to Scottish resistance.324
• Military Defeat: The English forces defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar, which effectively broke organized opposition.4
• Submission of the King: Following the collapse of Scottish defenses, John de Balliol resigned his kingdom to Edward at Montrose. Balliol was subsequently stripped of his royal dignity and imprisoned.24
• Symbolic Appropriation: To solidify his control, Edward removed the Stone of Scone—the traditional site of Scottish royal coronations—and transported it to Westminster Abbey in London.15

By these actions, Edward I successfully deposed the Scottish monarch and established direct English rule over the country.4