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How did Edmund Husserl distinguish formal ontologies from material ontologies?
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Edmund Husserl
German philosopher of phenomenology Edmund Husserl, c. 1930.
In his development of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl distinguished between formal and material ontologies based on the scope and nature of the objects being investigated.12
- Formal Ontology: Husserl identified this with the general metaphysics previously described by philosophers like Christian Wolff. It functions as a neutral study of being in general, applying to all things regardless of their specific content. It is often associated with the region of the logical.12
- Material (Regional) Ontologies: These are specialized realms of being that deal with specific categories of objects, such as nature, mathematics, the soul, mind, culture, or religion.12
Husserl contended that these ontological domains become accessible to the investigator through the analysis of consciousness and its corresponding forms of intentionality. To investigate a regional ontology, one must first identify the founding act—the specific mode of consciousness—by which the meaning of realities within that realm is constituted.2