How did Charles Sanders Peirce first present his ideas about pragmatism?

Charles Sanders Peirce first presented his ideas about pragmatism through critical group discussions at the Metaphysical Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts, during the 1870s.1

His formal philosophical elaboration of these concepts occurred in a series of papers titled "Illustrations of the Logic of Science," which were published in the Popular Science Monthly between 1877 and 1878. Within these works, particularly in the paper "The Fixation of Belief" (1877), Peirce argued that the scientific method serves as a primary way of fixing beliefs, which he defined as habits of action.21

Peirce’s pragmatism functioned as a method for clarifying ideas by considering their conceivable practical effects, essentially translating signs into clearer expressions to resolve conceptual confusion. While he later became dissatisfied with how the movement evolved and renamed his own specific view "pragmaticism" to distinguish it from popular interpretations, his early writings established the foundation for pragmatism as a method of research.32