How did Byzantine architecture influence the design of the Dome of the Rock?

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, commissioned by the Umayyad caliph ‘Abd al-Malik, is deeply rooted in Byzantine architectural traditions. Its design reflects several key influences:1

• Structural Form: The building’s composition relates to a class of Byzantine religious structures known as martyria—polygonal or circular shrines typically built to commemorate saints or significant religious events. Its octagonal plan and central dome are believed to have been influenced by local Byzantine models, such as the nearby Kathisma church.1
• Architectural Rivalry: The structure’s grand scale and lavish ornamentation were likely intended to compete with the prestige of Jerusalem’s existing Christian holy sites, particularly the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.1
• Decorative Techniques: The use of mosaics follows techniques found in Byzantine public buildings and churches. However, the Umayyad builders adapted this tradition by excluding human or animal figures, instead utilizing Arabic script and vegetal patterns to establish a distinct Islamic visual style.1