How did Benedetto Croce respond to the rise of fascism in Italy?

Benedetto Croce’s response to the rise of fascism in Italy evolved from initial misperception to absolute, uncompromising opposition. Initially, Croce viewed the movement as a right-wing force that might help restrain leftist tendencies following World War I; however, as the true nature of Benito Mussolini’s regime became clear, he became a central symbol of resistance and a rallying point for those who cherished liberty.1

Croce condemned fascist ideology for disregarding individual rights and replacing civic virtue with egoism, rhetoric, and pretense. Despite this stance, he was not severely molested by the regime. Throughout the fascist era, his journal La Critica served as a vital source of encouragement for freedom-loving intellectuals. He further countered the regime by composing historical works that highlighted how Italy had strayed from its path, using his role as a moral teacher to advocate for the nation's spiritual renewal.12