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How did Akbar include Hindus in Mughal administration?
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Akbar
A painting titled Akbar Hunting from a folio of Akbarnama (“History of Akbar”), late 16th century; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
Akbar integrated Hindus into his administration through a policy of conciliation and merit-based inclusion, which was essential for maintaining the stability of his diverse empire. Key aspects of this approach included:12
- High-Level Appointments: Akbar appointed Hindu Rajput princes to the highest ranks of the imperial service, where they served as generals and provincial governors.2
- Feudal Alliances: He established a system where Rajput chiefs could retain their ancestral territories by acknowledging his suzerainty, paying tribute, and providing military support. These alliances were often solidified through marriage, such as his marriage to the daughter of Raja Bihari Mal of Amber.2
- Removal of Discriminatory Taxes: To foster loyalty, Akbar abolished the jizyah (a tax on non-Muslims) and taxes on pilgrims, effectively reducing institutional discrimination.2
- Inclusive Governance: He actively sought Hindus as principal confidants and policymakers, ensuring they were represented at all levels of his administration.2
- Religious Grants: He reformed the administration of religious grants, making them available to learned individuals of all faiths, including Hindu pandits.2