How are The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations connected?

The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and The Wealth of Nations (1776) are deeply connected as parts of Adam Smith’s overarching philosophical project regarding human nature and social evolution.12

• Foundational Psychology: The Theory of Moral Sentiments establishes the psychological framework for Smith’s later work. It explores how individuals, driven by self-interest and passions, are socialized through sympathy and the "impartial spectator"—an internal moral guide.13
• Historical Evolution: The Wealth of Nations serves as a continuation of these themes, applying them to the broader arena of history. Smith examines how human nature, guided by reason and the desire for self-betterment, drives society through four stages of organization, culminating in commercial interdependence.32
• Complementary Perspectives: While some scholars debate a potential conflict between the moral focus of the first book and the economic focus of the second, many view them as complementary. The Theory of Moral Sentiments explains how individuals are socialized to become the market-oriented actors that set the economic systems described in The Wealth of Nations into motion.1