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Why was ivory considered a luxury material in many ancient cultures?

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Inupiat shaman's figure. — ivory carving Kinugumiut Inupiat incised walrus ivory shaman's figure, c. 1890; in the National Museum of the American Indian, George Gustav Heye Center, Smithsonian Institution, New York City.

In ancient cultures, ivory was considered a luxury material primarily due to its aesthetic qualities and physical properties. It was highly prized for its fine grain, creamy light color, smooth texture, and soft luster, which made it visually striking and desirable for artistic expression.1

Beyond its appearance, ivory was valued for its durability and suitability for carving. It is a dense, long-lasting material that is resistant to damage and decay, allowing it to be worked into intricate shapes using woodworking tools. Because of these unique characteristics, ivory was often treasured as highly as gold and precious stones in antiquity.23

It is important to acknowledge that the historical demand for this material frequently led to the exploitation of both animal populations and human communities. The pursuit of ivory has historically been linked to brutal practices, including the disruption of societies and the use of forced labor, which stands in direct opposition to fundamental ethical principles regarding human rights and the preservation of life. Today, the trade of ivory is heavily restricted or banned globally to protect endangered species from the devastating impacts of poaching.423