Who can play the drum in northern and southern powwow traditions?

In the context of powwow traditions, the roles of those who play the drum differ between the southern and northern styles:

• Southern Tradition: Drumming is considered an exclusively male activity. Men play the drum while singing, while women participate by singing while standing in a circle around the men.1
• Northern Tradition: While men typically play the drum, women may also "sit at the drum" and play, depending on the specific traditional practices of their community.1

Across both traditions, ceremonial drums are treated with great care and respect. They are often placed on a blanket or stand during performances, covered when not in use, and smudged with tobacco in special ceremonies. Additionally, the use of drugs or alcohol is strictly prohibited near the drums.2