Which foreign literary traditions influenced early Italian vernacular verse?

Early Italian vernacular verse was significantly shaped by foreign literary traditions, particularly those from France and Provence, which were well-established before the rise of Italian literature.1

• Provençal Influence: The Sicilian school of poets, active in the 13th-century court of Frederick II, drew heavily upon the themes and forms of Provençal troubadour poetry. Italian poets carefully studied these anthologies, adapting the Provençal canso into the Italian canzone and utilizing these traditions to develop the sonnet.234
• French Influence: French romances, including the Arthurian and Carolingian cycles, were widely popular in Italy from the 12th to the 14th centuries. French minstrels performed this verse in public, leading to the development of "Franco-Venetian" literature, a linguistic hybrid where Italian writers adapted and expanded upon French stories.4
• Other Influences: Some scholars also suggest that the development of early Italian poetic forms may have been influenced by Arabic poetic traditions, alongside the established French and Provençal models.3