Which built features can be included in a garden or landscape design?

In garden and landscape design, built features—often referred to as hardscape—are essential for shaping the environment for human use and enjoyment. These structural elements can be categorized as follows:12

Structural Categories

• Earth-related and Enclosure: Structures closely related to the ground, as well as those used for enclosure or shelter.3
• Engineering and Buildings: Various engineering structures and specialized buildings are integrated into the design.3
• Paved and Constructed Areas: Landscapes may include roof gardens, decks, urban plazas, and covered malls, which are primarily formed through construction and paving.1

Sculptural and Furnishing Elements

• Sculptural Components: Traditional forms include sculpture, fountains, sundials, birdbaths, cisterns, wells, and decorative urns or plaques.4
• Outdoor Furnishings: These include fixed and movable items such as seats, tables, barbecues, umbrellas, plant containers, supports, guards, and lighting systems. In public landscapes, this extends to signs, trash containers, kiosks, and service elements.41

To ensure a cohesive visual experience, it is vital that these elements are predicted and incorporated into the original design plans rather than added as an afterthought.4