What musical instruments appear in archaeological finds from Ife and Benin?

Archaeological evidence for musical instruments in Ife and Benin is primarily derived from representations found on stone, terra-cotta, and bronze artifacts rather than the survival of the instruments themselves, as those made of vegetable materials have not been preserved in the region's climate.1

Ife (Yorubaland)
Representations on stone and terra-cotta from the 10th to the 14th century indicate the use of igbìn drums, which are a set of footed cylindrical drums.1

Benin
Bronze plaques from the kingdom of Benin, particularly those dating from the 15th century, provide significant evidence of musical history. These depictions include a variety of instruments used in ceremonial contexts, such as:
* Drums: Including the dùndún pressure drum, which may have been introduced around the 15th century.1
* Bells: Both pellet bells and tubular bells with clappers were known by the 15th century, and the double iron clapperless bell is believed to have preceded the pressure drum.1
* Other instruments: Horns and bow lutes are also frequently depicted on these plaques.1