What materials are used to make vessel flutes in Africa, China, and Latin America?

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toad ocarina — vessel flute Toad ocarina, slip-painted ceramic, Nopiloa, southern Veracruz, Mexico, 700–900 ce; in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

Vessel flutes are crafted from various materials across different regions. In Africa, they are commonly made from gourds or shells. China utilizes pottery for these instruments. In Latin America, pottery is also a material used for vessel flutes. Native American aerophones, which include flutes and whistles, are made from diverse materials such as wood, bone, cane, clay, and bamboo.123