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How many workers may have been needed to build the Great Pyramid of Giza?

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Ancient Egyptian illustration from the Book of the Dead showing Anubis weighing the soul of the scribe Ani, with gods seated above and hieroglyphic text throughout. — Egyptian art and architecture Anubis weighing the soul of the scribe Ani, from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, c. 1275 bce.

Estimates regarding the number of workers required to build the Great Pyramid of Giza have evolved over time based on historical accounts and archaeological findings:

Historical Estimate: The ancient Greek historian Herodotus suggested that the construction took 20 years and required a workforce of 100,000 men. This figure is often associated with the theory that the project utilized seasonal agricultural laborers who worked primarily when the Nile River was in flood and field work was limited.12
Modern Archaeological Estimate: By the late 20th century, archaeological evidence suggested that a more limited, permanent workforce may have been employed. Researchers have proposed that a core group of as few as 20,000 workers, supplemented by necessary support personnel such as bakers, physicians, and priests, would have been sufficient to complete the project.12