How is the Japanese shakuhachi flute played?

The shakuhachi is a Japanese end-blown flute characterized by its unique construction and subtle tonal capabilities. To play the instrument, the performer blows across the mouthpiece, which is cut obliquely outward. A small piece of ivory or bone is inserted at this blowing edge, a design feature that allows the player to produce a wide variety of nuanced tone colors.12

The standard instrument features four finger holes on the front and one thumbhole on the back. Because the music relies on exceptional subtlety, ornamentation, and tone changes, it is traditionally taught through mnemonics and learned by ear rather than through rigid notation. Historically, the instrument was used by komusō (wandering priests) as a meditative tool, and its sound is often compared to Buddhist chant. Today, the instrument remains a staple of solo and chamber music, with various schools maintaining distinct repertoires and teaching traditions.12