How does twined wattle construction hold basket standards together?

In wattle construction, rigid, passive, and parallel standards form the foundation of the basket. In the twined type, these standards are held together by flexible threads that are twisted in groups of two or three. These strands twine around the standards, effectively enclosing them to maintain the basket's structure.1

This technique can be executed in several ways:
* Close twining: The threads are packed tightly, a method prevalent in Central Africa, Australia, and western North America.1
* Openwork: The threads are spaced at regular intervals, which is ideal for functional items like fish traps and hurdles that require rigid, evenly spaced standards.1
* Variations: Depending on the region and desired effect, makers may employ specialized styles such as twilled, braided, zigzag, or honeycomb twining.1

By using these flexible binders to intertwine among the rigid standards, the basket maker can secure the shape of the object while achieving specific functional or aesthetic goals.12