How does a euphemism make an unpleasant idea sound less harsh?

A euphemism functions as a rhetorical device by substituting a mild, indirect, or auspicious word or phrase for one that is considered disagreeable, offensive, or harsh. By replacing direct language with softer alternatives, a speaker can mitigate the severity of a topic or avoid discussing uncomfortable subjects directly.12

This softening effect is achieved through several techniques:

• Abstraction: Creating new, generalized scenarios to refer to unpleasant facts, such as using "casualties of war" instead of describing specific deaths.2
• Indirection: Shifting the focus of a statement to a different subject, such as saying someone is "sleeping together" rather than using explicit terms for sexual intercourse.2
• Modification: Softening the tone of a statement by changing its grammatical structure, such as converting a noun to an adjective (e.g., "he has foolish beliefs" instead of "he is a fool").2
• Substitution: Replacing a coarse or insulting word with a less offensive one, such as using "let go" instead of "fired" or "passed away" instead of "died".12

Ultimately, euphemisms allow for the navigation of sensitive topics like death, war, and social injustices by masking their brutality with more palatable language.2