How do panpipes produce different notes?

Panpipes produce different notes primarily through the varying lengths of their individual pipes. In any wind instrument, the length of the air column determines the pitch; generally, longer tubes produce lower notes, while shorter tubes produce higher notes.1234

Each pipe in a panpipe is typically closed at the bottom, which creates a specific standing wave pattern within that tube. When a musician blows across the top of a pipe, the air column inside vibrates at a frequency determined by the pipe's length. Because each pipe in the instrument is cut to a different, graduated length, each one resonates at a unique fundamental frequency, thereby producing a distinct note. In some traditions, such as with the Romanian nai, players can also adjust the pitch of a pipe by tilting it toward their lips to create semitones.312