How do characters shape the events of a novel?

In the context of a novel, characters are central to shaping the narrative, though their influence varies depending on the author's approach.

• Driving the Plot: In serious fiction, plots are often built upon psychological situations where the climax arises from the characters' internal development and their journey toward self-knowledge.1
• Conflict and Interaction: The protagonist serves as the main character, while the antagonist acts as their principal opponent or rival. The interaction between these figures creates the tension and conflict that propel the story forward.23
• Character-Driven Narrative: Some novels rely less on traditional plot devices and more on the consciousness of the characters. In these works, the characters' internal experiences and perceptions provide the primary material for the narrative.1
• Memorability and Realism: Characters that possess depth or psychological complexity often leave a lasting impression on the reader, sometimes appearing to have a life beyond the pages of the book. Conversely, some novels utilize simpler, more iconic characters to engage the reader through recognizable traits.4