How do Navajo and Apache singing styles differ from Pueblo singing styles?

In the Southwest region, Navajo and Apache singing styles differ significantly from those of the Pueblo Indians in vocal quality, technique, and structure.1

• Vocal Quality: While Pueblo singers utilize an open, relaxed vocal style that emphasizes the lower range, Navajo and Apache singers employ a tense, nasal quality that covers a wide range. Additionally, Navajo singers incorporate falsetto in specific genres.1
• Performance Style: Pueblo music is characterized by communal dance songs performed in blended unison. In contrast, Navajo and Apache singers perform in unblended unison.1
• Musical Structure: Pueblo songs often feature a five-part form with complex rhythmic structures, such as patterned pauses and changing meters. Navajo and Apache songs utilize strophic forms and complex sectional forms featuring short, interwoven melodic motifs.1
• Melodic Contours: Pueblo melodies typically begin with an upward leap followed by an undulating descent. Navajo and Apache melodies are more varied, often featuring dramatic leaps and cascading descents.1
• Instrumentation: Pueblo groups are known for large, painted double-headed barrel drums, whereas Navajo and Apache traditions include various drums and the Apache violin, a unique one- or two-stringed instrument.1