How did the Spanish Civil War disrupt Catalan writers and intellectuals?

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) significantly disrupted the development of Catalan literature, creating an environment that was largely hostile to intellectual and creative pursuits.12

The conflict and its aftermath impacted Catalan writers and intellectuals in the following ways:

• Exile: Many Catalan men of letters were forced to flee abroad to escape the war and the subsequent political climate.12
• Repression: Following the Nationalist victory in 1939, the government of General Francisco Franco adopted a policy of systematic repression toward Catalan culture, which had already faced suppression during the earlier dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera.132
• Stifled Activity: For those who remained in Catalonia, the political climate was not conducive to productive literary activity. While some writers turned to a literature of artistic escape to avoid the prevailing realities, others, such as poets Salvador Espriu and Pere Quart (the pseudonym of Joan Oliver), began to address social issues through their work in a more realistic mode.12