How did tattooing and scarification differ as forms of Oceanic body decoration?

In the context of Oceanic body decoration, tattooing and scarification represent two distinct methods of permanent skin modification, differing primarily in their technique and the resulting physical effect on the skin.12

• Tattooing: This practice involves the introduction of pigment into the skin through ruptures or punctures. In Polynesia and Micronesia, this was traditionally achieved by pricking the skin with implements shaped like miniature rakes or, in the case of the Maori moko, by striking a miniature bone adze into the skin to create shallow, coloured grooves.3
• Scarification (Cicatrization): Unlike tattooing, which relies on pigment, scarification involves creating raised scars, known as keloids, through incision or burning. In Oceania, this practice was particularly noted in New Guinea, where it was used to produce decorative patterns.12

Both forms of modification were practiced for aesthetic purposes and to signify social markers, such as an individual's status, lineage, or group membership. While tattooing was widespread across many Pacific cultures, scarification was a distinct technique employed to create textured, raised designs on the body.132