How did medieval chandeliers hold large numbers of candles?

During the Middle Ages, medieval chandeliers and similar lighting fixtures utilized several methods to support large numbers of candles:

• Coronas: In the 12th and 13th centuries, large openwork hoops made of iron or bronze, known as coronas, were used to support numerous prickets (spikes) upon which candles were impaled.12
• Candlebeams: An alternative to the elaborate chandelier was the candlebeam, which consisted of two or three crossed beams of carved and gilded wood fitted with sockets and drip pans to hold multiple candles.2
• Tiered Arrangements: By the later Middle Ages, brass chandeliers were designed with multiple tiers to increase capacity; for example, a 15th-century chandelier in the Berkeley Chapel at Bristol Cathedral features 12 lights arranged in two tiers.2
• Suspension Systems: Both chandeliers and candlebeams were typically suspended by two or more chains attached to a rope and pulley system. This allowed the entire fitting to be lowered, enabling the candles to be easily snuffed or replaced.2

These fixtures were essential for illuminating large spaces like churches and royal palaces, with materials ranging from simple iron and wood to gold, silver, and brass.12