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How did Roman armies use instruments such as the tuba, lituus, and cornu?
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wind instrument
The Japanese end-blown flute, or shakuhachi.
In the context of the Roman military, wind instruments such as the tuba, lituus, and cornu served essential roles as signaling devices for communication and ceremony.12
- Tuba: A straight bronze trumpet of Etruscan origin, the tuba was used by the Roman army to transmit signals.2
- Lituus: This J-shaped instrument, also derived from Etruscan designs, functioned as a military trumpet.2
- Cornu: A large, G-shaped metal horn, the cornu was designed for portability and military use. It featured a crossbar brace that allowed the player to support its weight on their shoulder, making it practical for signaling during maneuvers or ceremonies.12
Additionally, the buccina—originally a shepherd’s instrument made from an ox horn—had a bronze counterpart specifically decorated and adapted for use within the Roman army. These instruments were vital for coordinating troop movements and maintaining order through distinct auditory signals on the battlefield and during formal military proceedings.31