How did Plato and Aristotle describe music’s effects on emotions and behavior?

Plato and Aristotle both viewed music as a powerful tool capable of molding human character and regulating emotions, though they differed in their approaches to its use and regulation.

Plato’s Ethical Discipline

Plato regarded music as a department of ethics and a psychosociological phenomenon. Because he believed music could directly influence a person's character, he advocated for strict censorship of modes and rhythmic complexities, fearing that certain sensuous qualities could lead to depression and disorder. For Plato, music was a shadow of ideal, divine harmony; he favored simplicity and believed that music, when balanced with gymnastics, was essential for proper education and maintaining the moral order of the state.1

Aristotle’s View on Catharsis

Aristotle agreed that music could shape character but adopted a more permissive stance than his teacher. He advocated for a rich musical diet, recognizing that pleasure and happiness were valid values for both the individual and the state. Crucially, Aristotle introduced the concept of catharsis, suggesting that music could serve as a therapeutic release. He observed that certain melodic patterns could calm those prone to intense emotional states, providing relief and restoring psychological balance, much like a medical treatment.12