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How did Jean Arp use chance in his collages and reliefs?

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Giacomo Balla: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash — Modernism *Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash*, oil on canvas by Giacomo Balla, 1912; in the Buffalo AKG Art Museum, New York.

Jean Arp utilized chance as a fundamental creative tool to challenge traditional artistic control and reject conventional modes of representation.123

In his collages and subsequent reliefs, Arp incorporated random shapes that were obtained according to what he described as the "laws of chance". By relinquishing the artist's conscious will in the arrangement of these forms, he sought to explore the irrational and involuntary aspects of the creative process. This approach was central to his work within the Dada movement, where spontaneity and the embrace of accident were used to subvert established aesthetic values.32

Later, this interest in the fortuitous element of art continued in his papiers déchirés ("torn papers"), which were created in alignment with the Surrealist dictate of leaving creation to chance. Through these methods, Arp bridged the gap between the irrationality of Dada and the later, more structured explorations of abstract form.13