How did Gothic sculpture become more naturalistic during the 12th and 13th centuries?

During the late 12th and early 13th centuries, Gothic sculpture transitioned from the stiff, elongated, and hieratic forms characteristic of Romanesque predecessors toward a more relaxed and naturalistic style. This evolution was driven by several key developments:1

• Classical Influence: Sculptors began to display an awareness of antique Roman models, which encouraged a sense of classical poise, individualized faces, and more natural gestures and poses.1
• Observation of Nature: Masons increasingly turned their attention to the natural world, as evidenced by the realistic carving of plant forms, such as the clusters of leaves found on column capitals.1
• Stylistic Refinement: By the time of the sculptural decorations at Reims Cathedral (c. 1240), figures featured full, flowing draperies and a new level of individual character, moving away from the rigid, straight forms of earlier portals like the Royal Portal at Chartres Cathedral.1

This shift toward naturalism allowed for greater expression and dignity in monumental figures, setting the stage for the more refined and elegant styles that emerged in the later Gothic periods.1