How did Beethoven use extended codas in his piano sonatas?

In his piano sonatas, Ludwig van Beethoven utilized the coda—the concluding section of a movement—as a significant structural tool rather than a mere brief ending. While the coda traditionally follows the recapitulation to round off a movement, Beethoven frequently expanded its scale to such a degree that it functioned as a secondary development section.123

By extending the coda, Beethoven provided a space to further resolve the conflicts of key and theme that remained unsettled even after the recapitulation. This approach allowed him to continue the musical argument, often introducing dramatic transformations of thematic material. A notable example of this technique is found in his Piano Sonata No. 23 in F Minor (the Appassionata), where the coda is so substantially developed that it serves as a major structural component of the movement. Through these innovations, Beethoven moved beyond the standard formal expectations of his predecessors, using the coda to deepen the emotional and architectonic weight of his compositions.2341