How can performers create sounds inside a grand piano without using the keys?

Performers can create sounds inside a grand piano without using the keys by utilizing a technique known as the prepared piano. This method involves modifying the instrument by inserting various objects—such as nuts, bolts, or other materials—directly between the piano strings.12

By placing these items among the strings, performers can alter the instrument's natural resonance to produce a range of percussive, buzzing, clanging, or otherworldly sound effects while still retaining the piano's melodic qualities. This approach was notably pioneered by the American composer John Cage, who experimented with these unorthodox modifications to step outside the bounds of conventional Western music.21

Beyond preparation, performers may also interact directly with the strings through techniques like plucking or striking them by hand, which allows for different timbres than those produced by the standard hammer mechanism.3