How are the movements of a typical four-movement Classical sonata ordered by tempo and character?

In the Classical period, a typical four-movement sonata is structured to provide a balance of tempo and character across the work. The standard ordering is as follows:

• First Movement: Usually a serious, fast-paced movement in sonata form (often called sonata-allegro form), which serves as the weightiest and most structurally developed part of the work.123
• Second Movement: Provides a contrast in tempo and mood, typically being slow and lyrical (such as an andante or adagio). It often utilizes forms like ternary or theme and variations.132
• Third Movement: A dance-style movement, originally a graceful minuet and trio, which later evolved into the faster, more rhythmic scherzo.123
• Fourth Movement (Finale): A brilliant, vivacious, and fast-paced conclusion. This movement frequently employs rondo form, sonata form, or a hybrid known as sonata-rondo.312

While this four-movement scheme is standard for works like the string quartet and symphony, the third movement is sometimes omitted in other forms, such as the concerto or certain sonatas for solo instruments.23