How are armies, storms, and ocean breezes represented with flags in Chinese opera?

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kunqu performer — Chinese performing arts Contemporary *kunqu* performer.

In Chinese opera, symbolism is highly developed to represent various elements on a stage that is otherwise bare of scenery. Because troupes historically traveled with few properties, they relied on conventionalized movements and symbolic objects to convey complex scenes.1

Flags are used to represent the following:

Armies: An army is indicated by the use of four banners.1
Storms: A storm is represented by a black flag whisked across the stage.1
Ocean Breezes: A light blue flag is used to signify a breeze or the ocean.1

These conventions allow performers to communicate intricate settings and actions through minimal physical props, reflecting the highly stylized nature of Chinese performing arts.1