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Why are many flatfish species found on continental shelves?

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Body plan and sexual dimorphism in the common sole (Solea solea) and dusky flounder (Syacium papillosum). — pleuronectiform Body plan and sexual dimorphism in the common sole (*Solea solea*) and dusky flounder (*Syacium papillosum*).

Most flatfish species are found on the continental shelf because they are specialized bottom-dwellers. These bony fishes have evolved to live by resting on their sides on the seafloor, often burying themselves in sand or mud with only their eyes protruding to watch for prey.123

The continental shelf provides the shallow, benthic environment—typically at depths of less than 200 metres—that supports this lifestyle. By remaining motionless on the bottom, they can effectively ambush crustaceans, small fish, and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates. While some species can be found at depths up to 1,000 metres, the majority inhabit these moderate shelf depths where they can utilize their unique asymmetrical anatomy to blend into their surroundings and hunt.413