Which homopteran groups have fossils dating to the Permian Period?

Several homopteran groups have fossil records dating back to the Permian Period, though paleontological classification remains a subject of ongoing study. Based on identified fossil remains, the following groups have evidence from this era:1

• Psyllids: Known from abundant fossils in the Upper Permian strata.1
• Aleurodids (whiteflies): These are also believed to date from the Upper Permian.1
• Coccids (scale insects): The fossil Mesoccus asiatica from the Permian suggests this group dates to that geologic age.1
• Aphids: A fossil wing of Permaphidopis sojaneusis from the Permian has been identified as resembling recent aphids.1
• Auchenorrhyncha: While specific fossil records vary, it is suggested that if fossil forms have been properly placed, groups such as cicadellids and cicadas differentiated no later than the Permian, with cercopids and fulgorids potentially having an even earlier origin.1

The Sternorrhyncha suborder, which includes psyllids, aleurodids, and coccids, is thought to have separated from the Auchenorrhyncha as early as the Lower Permian.1