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Which cognitive abilities have orangutans demonstrated in captivity?

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An illustration of a female Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) with long reddish-brown fur, hanging from tree branches with one arm extended upward and one leg hooked over a branch. A scale bar at the bottom shows lengths of 30 centimeters and 12 inches for size reference. — orangutan Female orangutans (*Pongo*) have the longest breeding interval of any mammal, giving birth on average once every eight years.

In captivity, orangutans have demonstrated considerable ingenuity and persistence, particularly when manipulating mechanical objects. They have exhibited a range of sophisticated cognitive abilities, including:1

Reasoning: The ability to apply causal and logical reasoning.1
Self-Awareness: Demonstrated self-recognition when presented with mirrors.1
Communication: The use of symbolic communication.1
Planning: The ability to exercise foresight.1
Tool Use: Proficiency in the production and use of tools.1
Social Interaction: The use of deception.1

These capabilities highlight the complex problem-solving skills found in great apes, which also include the ability to learn rules and discriminate between abstract stimuli.2