Which caecilian families have aquatic larvae?

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Zoom in on the serpentine locomotion of the limbless, amphibious caecilian over soil — Gymnophiona Caecilian moving over soil.

Among the various families of caecilians, only two are characterized by the presence of aquatic larvae: the Ichthyophiidae and the Rhinatrematidae.1

In these families, eggs are typically deposited in burrows located in mud near water. Upon hatching, the larvae leave these burrows to inhabit ponds and streams. While other caecilian families may exhibit different reproductive strategies—such as direct development on land or viviparity—aquatic larval stages are absent from most other groups.213