Which branchiopods hatch as miniature versions of adults?

While many branchiopods typically begin their life cycle as a nauplius larva, certain species bypass these larval stages and hatch as miniature versions of the adult.12

This direct development occurs in the following groups:

• Spinicaudata: Specifically the genus Cyclestheria, which lays eggs that develop rapidly into miniatures of the adult.1
• Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, and Onychopoda: These orders also exhibit this mode of reproduction. Within the order Anomopoda—which includes the well-known water flea genus Daphnia—the young hatch as miniature females.12

In these instances, the eggs typically develop within a brood pouch located between the trunk and the carapace, allowing the offspring to emerge fully formed rather than as larvae.12